A B S T R A C TSatisfaction is considered one of the effective methods for evaluating the success of urban development plans and projects, and it is a tool to measure which type of housing and residential environment meets the needs, expectations, and aspirations of residents. This article aims to compare Amiriyeh and Pay-eToop neighborhoods in Bojnord city in terms of residents' satisfaction with living in these neighborhoods. Using a questionnaire, the data was obtained by a survey from 229 heads of sample households living in Bojnoord city. The residents' satisfaction is analyzed by 26 indicators set as home and neighborhood indices. The data is entered into SPSS software to run the One Sample T-Test and calculate statistical parameters. Also, the data is entered in Arc GIS in accordance with the UTM coordinates of the responder's locations to provide a GIS point layer to use zoning maps to be drawn. Residential satisfaction is lower than average and slightly higher in Pay-eToop than in Amiriyeh. Also, the average score of the indicators that are set as home indices is lower than those for neighborhood indices. The zoning maps indicate that most parts of the neighborhoods show an average level of satisfaction with housing, and the maps of different indicators are not much different from each other. The role of physical indicators in low satisfaction is much more significant than social indicators. To improve satisfaction, paying attention to the neighborhood regeneration and improving the housing quality is necessaryExtended AbstractIntroductionSatisfactory housing is one of the most valuable aspects of life and one of the main elements of people's living standards. The higher the level of satisfaction with a PLACE, the more people will feel a sense of belonging to that PLACE and feel more relaxed about being there. The feeling of satisfaction from a PLACE can cause the positive effects of the PLACE in the process of relationships in which the environment is being formed and carried out. On the one hand, satisfaction measurement is considered one of the effective methods of evaluating the success of urban programs and plans. On the other hand, it is a tool to measure which type of housing and residential environment currently meets its residents' needs, expectations, and aspirations. MethodologyThe residents' satisfaction is analyzed by 26 indicators set as home and neighborhood indices. A questionnaire gathers the data. Household heads in the studied neighborhoods (Amirieh and Pay-e Toop) are randomly selected as 229 sample people. The sample people evaluate the items in the questionnaire in a 5-range of the Likert scale from very high to very low. The qualified range was then changed to quantified scores from 5 to 1. Afterward, they were entered into SPSS software to run the One Sample T-Test and calculate other statistical parameters. The address of each respondent is included in the questionnaires, and based on the address, the UTM coordinates of the respondent are determined using Google Earth. Then, the information from the questionnaires is entered into the GIS according to the coordinates to provide a GIS point layer for drawing zoning maps. Results and discussionThe score of 2.75, which is the average figure of the evaluation scores for all the indicators of both neighborhoods, indicates that residential satisfaction is lower than the assumed average score (3). The average scores are 2.90 and 2.57 for Pay-e Toop and Amirieh neighborhoods, respectively, and they indicate that the residential satisfaction in the first is slightly higher than the other. Pay-e Toop is the oldest neighborhood in Bojnoord, which accommodates the traditional complex of shops (Bazar) and essential physical elements of historical eras, such as the city's citadel. In addition to the high proportion of immigrants, it also includes deep-rooted and native families that have strong social relationships. Also, the average score for the neighborhood indices is slightly higher than for the home indices. The average figure for all 26 indicators is lower than the assumed average score (3) and indicates a lower residential satisfaction. Five indicators with the higher satisfaction score are as follows: relationship with neighbors, living in the ancestral neighborhood, the situation of streets and ways, living with relatives, and the quality of wastewater disposal. On the contrary, lower satisfaction scores belong to the indicators of access to shopping centers, healthcare service centers, the size of homes, and access to public transportation, respectively. Despite the fame of the gardens of Bojnord in previous centuries, in recent decades, most of the gardens disappeared, especially in the city's central business district, which corresponds to the two studied neighborhoods; there is a small area of land covered by parks and green spaces. Green spaces are mainly the small green strips on the edge or in the middle of the streets. For Amiriye and Pay-e Toop neighborhoods, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the respondents' education levels and their scores of residential satisfaction are -0.36 and -0.23, respectively. It implies that residential satisfaction has an inverse relationship with education. Also, the correlation coefficient between the RESIDENCE length in the neighborhood and residential satisfaction scores are +.001 and -0.29, respectively (for Amirieh and Pay-e Toop neighborhoods). It also indicates no relation for the first neighborhood and an inverse relation for the other.The zoning map of all the indicators shows that in more than 90% of the neighborhood area, the level of satisfaction is in the medium range. In Amirieh, the parts with low satisfaction are scattered. It can be said that the northeastern edge of the Amirieh neighborhood and the southwestern edge of the Pay-e Toop neighborhood have lower satisfaction. ConclusionThe role of physical indicators in low satisfaction is much more significant than social indicators. The physical components of the neighborhoods caused a low level of satisfaction. On the contrary, higher satisfaction is revealed from the socio-cultural components. Households prefer the quality of services more than the availability of services. In medium-sized cities such as Bojnoord, neighborhood relations, closeness to relatives, and living in neighborhoods where the ancestors lived are still decisive in creating residential satisfaction. To improve life satisfaction, paying attention to housing quality and the regeneration of both neighborhoods is necessary. Also, improvement, retrofitting, enhancing the quality of the building, and improving the quality of urban services, especially healthcare services, public transportation, and commercial services, should be considered. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Background: Current evidence shows inequality in the outcomes of rural and urban patients treated at their PLACE of RESIDENCE. This study compared in-hospital mortality between rural and urban patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to find whether there were differences in the outcome and received treatment. Methods: Between May 2007 and January 2018, patients admitted with ACS were included. The patients’,demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, as well as their in-hospital medical courses, were recorded. The association between PLACE of RESIDENCE (rural/ urban) and in-hospital mortality due to ACS was evaluated using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Of 9088 recruited patients (mean age =61. 30±, 12. 25 y,5557 men [61. 1%]), 838 were rural residents. A positive family history of coronary artery disease (P=0. 003), smoking (P=0. 002), and hyperlipidemia (P=0. 026), as well as a higher body mass index (P=0. 013), was seen more frequently in the urban patients, while the rural patients had lower education levels (P<0. 001) and higher unemployment rates (P=0. 009). In-hospital mortality occurred in 135 patients (1. 5%): 10 rural (1. 2%) and 125 urban (1. 5%) patients (P=0. 465). The Firth regression model, used to adjust the effects of possible confounders, showed no significant difference concerning in-hospital mortality between the rural and urban patients (OR, 1. 57,95% CI, 0. 376 to 7. 450,P=0. 585). Conclusion: This study found no significant differences in receiving proper treatment and in-hospital mortality between ru-ral and urban patients with ACS.

Studies in urban design and quality of PLACE of RESIDENCE include a lot of discussions about the importance of physical-spatial and semantic elements as well as social structures etc. to convey a sense of PLACE. However, less emphasis is PLACEd on the concept of group belonging to PLACE of RESIDENCE as a parameter that gives a location a specific meaning.This article outlines three types of relationships between a society and the PLACE it belongs to: spiritual-mental, moral-ideological and biographical. It then strives to determine, measure, and compare these relationships in one of the traditional neighborhoods of the city of Hamedan. The authors have conducted field studies and interviews with residents of this neighborhood to evaluate the dimensions and influences of group belonging to PLACE of RESIDENCE.This research shows group belonging to a traditional neighborhood are strong and have strongly influenced the mentality of residents regarding the identity of the PLACE they live in.The three types of spiritual-mental, moral and biographical relationships between society and PLACE of RESIDENCE are interconnected and play an indivisible role in creating a sense of belonging.

The purpose of this research is to fractionize borders areas by using TOPOSIS technique. All borders areas including 100 districted border fractions and rural villages– except sea borders. The results based on calculated Ci* showed that this amount are 0.12 (for minimum) for Saleh-Abad district of Mehran city in Ilam province and 0.47 (for maximum) for Khabushan district of Faarooj city in Khorasan province. The average is 0.32. Therefore the changing range of rural areas developing level has been estimated 0.348 for 100 country border fractions. Also 46 border fractions were under average developing index and 44 border fraction were upper than this index. Analysis of variance showed the significance difference among province developing index. The Northern Khorasan and Eastern Azarbaijan provinces had the highest and Sistan-O-Baluchestan had the lowest developing level among province border fractions.

Objectives: Social security is a key factor in human life. Despite its importance, only recently, sociologists carried out research about it.In this study, we try to define societal security and conduct a comparative study about it. We try to measure the level of societal security in different regions of Tehran and then to compare them.Method: The research is carried out in two regions of Tehran (south and north), and the main tool is questionnaire. The sample size is 420.Finding & Result: It shows that each region has its own level of societal security. The global index shows that in the north, the level of societal security is significantly higher than the south. To live in the north of Tehran, produce less emotional Security; on the contrary, in the south financial and professional security is significantly lower. Societal Security is a Socio-cultural Phenomenon; therefore, its realization needs the collaboration of the whole social network.

Background & Objectives: It is well documented that physically active children have better mental health, accompanied by stronger self–,esteem. Furthermore, the odds of developing mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety are lower in them, compared to their inactive counterparts. Particularly, participation in organized sports is associated with greater psychosocial benefits in children and adolescents, compared to individual, unorganized sports types. Moreover, sports participation is among the critical manners to providing biopsychological health. Thus, the identification, prioritization, and classification of the factors affecting sports participation of young individuals to generate a better society are essential. The present study aimed to compare adolescents' levels of motivation and sports participation concerning gender and PLACE of RESIDENCE. Methods: This was applied research,in terms of data collection, it was a descriptive–, comparative study. The sample consisted of 1200 urban and rural first–,and second–, grade high school students in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, in the academic year of 2017–, 2018. Moreover, the study participants were selected by the multistage cluster random sampling method. First, 3 cities were randomly selected from this province. Then, 8 high schools from each city (4 urban girls’,& boys’,schools & 4 rural girls’,& boys’,schools), and 3 classes per school were randomly selected. The inclusion criteria of the study included physical and mental health and no substance dependence. The exclusion criteria included any physical disability based on the student's health records at school. A researcher–, made demographic questionnaire was applied to collect the required data on age, gender, PLACE of RESIDENCE, and participation in extracurricular sports activities. The Sports Motivation Scale (Pelletier et al., 1995) was employed for assessing intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and the lack of motivation among the selected 1006 students (459 girls & 547 boys, rural adolescents: 383,urban adolescents: 623). Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the obtained data in SPSS at the significance level of 0. 05. Results: The MANCOVA results indicated no gender–, wise significant difference in motivation components (internal motivation: p=0. 202, external motivation: p=0. 749, the lack of motivation: p=0. 948). However, there was a significant gender–, wise difference in sports participation (p=0. 001). There was also a significant difference in motivation components between urban and rural students (internal motivation: p=0. 048, external motivation: p=0. 004, the lack of motivation: p=0. 001). However, there was no significant difference between urban and rural students in sports participation (p=0. 690). Conclusion: The current research findings can be a beneficial guide for officials and coaches to better understand the factors affecting motivation and participation in sports in youth. The collected findings suggested that boys are more involved in sports than girls, and urban adolescents are more motivated to exercise than rural adolescents.

The main inquiry in this study is whether a woman's PLACE of RESIDENCE can influence her time of marriage. Modernization, economic and gender equality theories have been employed to design an analytical model for this study and consequently to find a response to the research question. Iran Statistical Center carried out a project that collected socio-economic characteristics of Iranian households in 2001. The required data came from this source and all the women who married at least once were selected. The results of the t-test show that the average age of marriage of women differs significantly in rural (17.6) and urban (18.7) areas. There is a significant relationship between PLACE of RESIDENCE and other independent variables in the study. Highest correlation is reported between women's PLACE of RESIDENCE and their level of education, such that urban women have a higher level of education than rural women. On the other hand, there is no relationship between PLACE of RESIDENCE and women's age at marriage in a multiple regression model. This would lead us to conclude that PLACE of RESIDENCE has not a meaningful influence on the age of marriage but other variables like level of education can influence age of marriage through the PLACE of RESIDENCE.

The aim of this study is to investigate students' level of knowledge about citizenship rights and their attitudes toward it in the city of Tehran. Drawing on the ideas of T.H. Marshal, Bryan S. Turner and Carl Kuhn, fourteen hypotheses were tested in this regard. This is a survey research and the research population consisted of all the students of the science and research branch of Islamic Azad University in the city of Tehran. The sample was drawn from undergraduate and graduate students of the college of Engineering and the college of Humanities and Social Sciences. The independent variables included level of education, field of study, PLACEs of birth and RESIDENCE, gender, employment status, religion, and social-economic status. The dependent variables were knowledge of and attitude toward citizenship rights. The results showed that level of education and field of study were positively and significantly related to both knowledge of and attitude toward citizenship rights. Religion was significantly related to knowledge of citizenship rights but not to attitude towards it. PLACE of birth and PLACE of RESIDENCE were only significantly related to knowledge of citizenship rights, that is, there was a difference between those who were born and raised in Tehran, on the one hand, and those who were born in another city but had moved to Tehran to further their education. Gender, employment, and social and economic status were not significantly related to either knowledge of or attitude toward citizenship rights.